[英文學習] 各種介系詞的用法-(持續更新中)

1. until  有兩種用法

（1）直到～為止。（翻譯時直譯就行了。）

• will be all worried until she returns again. （我會一直擔心，直到她回來為止。）
• We’ll stay here until the others arrive. （我們將在這兒一直等到其他人來。）

（2）直到～才～。（until前面只能接否定句，即用“not…until…”的句型。）

　　句型使用方式：主詞和動詞的完整兩句，使用until連結詞來做時間區分。

• [He did not start his work ]until [the manager yelled at him.] 

　　　（直到經理大吼他，他才開始工作。）

• I’m afraid that your watch won’t be ready until tomorrow. 

　　　（恐怕你的錶要到明天才能修好。）

參考資料：單元二、常見文法練習 直到現在...直到...

[英文TEST]過去式跟過去進行式分辨的小測驗(2)

1. She is annoying! She (leave, always)______________ her dirty dishes in the sink, I think she
(expect, actually)_________ me to do them for her.

2. Samantha (live) ____________ in Berlin for more than two years. In fact, she (live)______ there when  the Berlin Will came down.

3. The Titanic (cross)___________ the Atlantic when it (strike) _______ an iceberg.

4. When I entered the bazaar, a couple of merchants (bargain, busily)_____________ and (try)_______ to sell their goods  to naive tourists who (hunt)________ for souvenirs.


Answer:
was always leaving
was actually expecting
lived
was living (指柏林圍牆倒下的那段期間)
was crossing (當船正在大西洋航行時)
struck
were bargain busily
trying
were hunting

[英文TEST]過去式跟過去進行式分辨的小測驗(1)

Last night, while I was doing my homework, Ann (call)_____.
She said she (call)_____ me  on her cell phone from her biology classroom.
I asked her if she  (wait)_____ for class, but she said that the professor was at the front the hall lecturing while she (talk)_____ to me.
I couldn't believe she (make) ______ a phone call during the lecture. I asked what was going on.

She said her biology professor was so boring that  several of the students (sleep, actually)__________
in class.
Some of the students (talk) ________ about their plans for the weekend and the student next to her (draw) _________ a picture of a horse.

When Ann (tell)______ me she was not satisfied with  the class, I (mention)________ that my  biology professor was quite good and (suggest)________ that she switch to my class.

While we were talking, I (hear)______ her professor yell,"Miss, are you making a phone call?"
Suddenly, the line went dead. I (hang) ________up the phone and went to the kitchen to make dinner.

 As I (cut) ___________ vegetables for a salad, the phone rang once again. it (be)______Ann.
(正當...)


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Answer:
called
was calling 
was waiting
was talking
was making
actually were sleeping
were talking 
was drawing
told
mentioned
suggested
heard
hung
was cutting
was

[英文句型]形容詞子句之複句

1. 形容詞-單獨修飾名詞

That is a good book.
That book is good.

2. 廣義的形容詞包含了介係詞字群跟子句，放於名詞後面。

That is a good book on philosophy.　這是一本好的哲學書。
                                   ↑介係詞字群

That is a good book that all my friends are reading. 這是一本我朋友都在讀的好書。
                                   ↑形容詞子句

翻譯小技巧:先翻形容詞子句在加上名詞就完成了。 (子句)朋友都在讀的 + (名詞)書

3. 更簡潔的形容詞子句→分詞片語

That is a good book that is written by my favorite author.　這是一本我最愛的作者寫的書。

簡潔化成分詞片語→　That is a good book written by my favorite author.

4. 一整句話修飾一個名詞，就產生了形容詞子句。

你知道那個男人嗎? 以前在這工作的那一個。

Do you know the man? He used to work here.

合併兩句，改成形容詞子句→Do you know the man who used to work here?

告訴我關於你的事。你在巴黎遇到某人的事。

Tell me about you. You met someone in Paris.

併兩句，改成形容詞子句→Tell me about you who met someone in Paris.

我買了一條領帶。一條搭配我套裝的領帶。

I bought a tie.  That matched my suit.

併兩句，改成形容詞子句→I bought a tie that matched my suit. 

我想買一條領帶。一條能搭配我套裝的領帶。

I'd like to buy a tie.  That would matches my suit.

併兩句，改成形容詞子句→I bought a tie that matches my suit. 
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[形容詞子句 中翻英技巧]
句子結構有主詞和動詞可拆分成兩句話，且中文翻譯有『....的』就是形容詞子句，其餘文字為主要字句。 將形容詞子句放置欲解釋的名詞後面即可。

翻譯順序範例：

This information is correct.  I found it on the internet.　
（原本是兩句，後句主要作用是解釋/形容 前句的information，兩句可併成一句）

→This information I found it on the internet is correct.

→This information I found that on the internet is correct.
後句的 it跟 information重複到，使用關係詞 that /which 替換，並放置名詞後面當連接。

→This information that I found on the internet is correct.

轉換成關係詞做連接的時候要考慮：
1. 判斷名詞是『人』、『非人』、『時』、『地』。
2. 如果重複的是主詞，用主格關係詞置換 who,which,that。
3. 如果重複的是受詞，用受格關係詞置換 who,which,that。
4. 如果是所有格用whose代換。

	人	非人	時間	地方
關係詞+動詞	who, that	That, which
關係詞+主詞+動詞	Who(m),that	That, which	When	When
介係詞+關係詞	whom	which	In/on/at which	In/on/at which
所有格關係詞+名詞	whose	whose

[ 英文句型 ] 複句-副詞子句表達某種方式或狀態(as 的用法)

1.  as :用...的方式
Do in Rome as the Romans do.
(在羅馬做任何事要像個羅馬人=入境隨俗)

Treat others as you want to be treated.
(用自己想被對待的方式去對待其他人=己所不欲，勿施於人)

2. as...as : 等於or比較的意思

[比較的例句]
I visit my parents as often as I can. <比較的東西是常態> 
可以探訪我父母我會常去。
這句話可以拆成: 
(1) I visit my parents often.(真的常去看父母)
(2) I can visit my parents often. (如果可以常去)

The ex-Olympic athlete doesn't run as fast as she did. <比較的東西是快> 
這句話可以拆成: 
(1) The ex-Olympic athlete doesn't run fast. (這個前奧林匹克選手現在真的跑不快)
(2) She ran fast. (她以前跑很快)


[等同的例句]
John runs fast as a Olympic athlete as dose.
John 跑的跟奧林匹克選手一樣快。

3.  as if ; as though :好似...；彷彿...
[機率100% ] 動詞時態正常
The car in front looks as if it's going to break down. Lat's stay away from it.
那台前面的車看起來好像要拋錨了，趕緊離它遠一點吧。

[機率不高～25% ?] 動詞故意用錯誤時態 (表說謊般的誇飾)
The little boy ate *dish after dish of ice cream. He looked as if he were going to burst.
那男孩吃了*一盤又一盤的冰淇淋. 他看起來就好像快撐爆了。

[機率0%] 時態前後不一 (表說謊般的誇飾)
My cousin Margaret talks as if she were the queen of England. 
我表妹瑪格莉特說自己就好似英國女王。

Her hair looks as if a firecracker burst in it.
她的頭髮看起來就像被爆竹炸到一樣。

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[ 咖哩真的焦了 ]

This curry tastes as it is burned. (食物被火燒焦要用被動句)

[ 咖哩像是焦了 ]

This curry tastes as if it were burned. 

[ 英文句型 ] 複句-副詞子句表達地點

⊙表達身在某處的連接詞--[Where] 某處

例句:
1. Stay where you are. (祈使句，省略了 You 主詞)
2. Where did you stay for the night?

⊙表達(全體或複數)到處都是的連接詞 -- [Everywhere] 到處

例句:
1. People talk about her everywhere she goes.
2. I looked everywhere for my notes but couldn't find them.

⊙表達(個別或單數)隨意一處的連接詞 -- [Wherever / Anywhere] 任何一處

例句:
1. Wherever /Anywhere you go, I'll be right there with you.
2. Wherever did you find my notes?

[ 英文句型 ] 複句-副詞子句表達時間

⊙表達某一個瞬間發生的連接詞--[When] 何時

• (Just)when 就在剛剛
• before 在這之前
• after 在這之後 = as soon as (之後緊接著...)/right after /soon after
• while 就在那時

例句:
1.The phone rang just when I stepped into the shower. After I took the shower, I called back.

2. I was waiting for the elevator,when I saw Jeremy.

3.While/ As  I was waiting for the elevator, I saw Jeremy.

4. As soon as you step into this room, all light turn on automatically.

以上4句的時間連接詞都有那一瞬間的意思。


⊙表達持續了一段時間的連接詞--[How long] 多久

• when 在那段時間
• while 在那段時間 + be V-ing 表達當時進行的動作 / V-( s /ed ) 表達當時的狀態
• since (從那個時間點之後就持續做某事...)
• until (做某件事..直到)

例句:
1. Michael lived with his grandparents when he was a child.

2. While Jim was in his office, we were in the kitchen talking about him.

3.While I was sleeping, my roommate was reading.

4. The phone kept ringing since I got home.

以上四句的時間連接詞都有主詞動作維持了一段時間的意思。


⊙表達做某事頻率的連接詞--[How often] 多常

• when...always 每當
• whenever 每當
• Anytime 每次都會

例句:
1. When I have free time, I always spend it  reading.

2. Whenever I have free time, I spend it  reading.

[ 英文句型 ] 連接副詞(類似連接詞的用法)，表達下上句的邏輯關係

副詞的其中一種，代替連接詞，表達前後文的關連性。

The novel is awesome. However, the movie is kind of a disappointment.
(那小說版很棒。但是，電影版有點令人失望)

⊙連接複詞句中位置：
1.第二句話開頭
2.主詞和動詞之間
3.句尾

⊙不論位於句中哪個位子，前後都要有標點符號。
ex.
The rent is reasonable. Moreover, the location is perfect.
The rent is reasonable; moreover, the location is perfect.
(放在句點或是分號後面，會使這句話的語氣有中斷感)

The rent is reasonable. The location, moreover, is perfect.
The rent is reasonable. The location is perfect, moreover.
(書面用法)

－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－
常用副詞

1. 而且(類似連接詞 and)：

[書面/正式場合用]
also  而且
moreover 此外
furthermore 此外
further 進一步來說
in addition 此外
additionally 另外

[口語用]
too 以及
besides 此外
what's more 更重要的是..
on top of this/that 擺在這件事上面來說...

2. 相似的(類似連接詞 and)：

also 也
likewise 同樣地
similarly 同樣地
too 也

3. 然而，但是(類似連接詞 but) 帶有轉折語氣：
前後兩句連接相反意思的句子
(雖然ooo，但/儘管如此/還是就ooo)

[書面/正式場合用]
nevertheless 雖然這麼說
nonetheless 儘管如此
however 然而
in contrast 相比之下
on the other hand 反過來說
on the contrary 反之
in fact 事實上
instead  反而
in/by comparison 通過比較後
still

[口語用]
actually 實際上
all the same / just the same  means "in spite of this" (儘管如此 ... 依然)
anyway 不管怎麼說(反正)
as a matter of fact 實際上
at the same time 在同一時間

3. 否則，(類似連接詞 or)：
兩種狀況擇一
(你要不就ooo，不然就ooo...)

otherwise 不然就/否則就..

4. 因此，(類似連接詞 so)：
(因為ooo，因此、於是就....)

[書面/正式場合用]
consequently
therefore
hence
thus
accordingly

[口語用]
as a result
as a consequence
in that case

[ 英文句型 ] 被動句使用時機

⊙主動句 v.s 被動句

[主動語氣]- 主詞是做動作的行事者
The clothing factory produces thousands pairs of jeans.
↑主詞                         ↑動詞　　　↑受詞

[被動語氣]- 主詞非動作行事者，反而是受事者. 
Thousands pairs of jeans are produced here.
↑主詞                         　　↑被動動詞　

⊙被動句結構

受事者 + be動詞-表達時間 + V-pp過去分詞-表達動作 + (行事者 ) + (adv).

EX.簡單式
All windows was broken by someone last week.

EX.進行式
Vegetables are washing now for later use.

EX.完成式
The song has been sung by every singer.


⊙被動句使用時機

1. 不知道誰是做動作的人。
Ex. A rat was killed in the road.  (一隻老鼠在路上被殺死了)
(不知道是誰殺了路上的老鼠)

2. 句子的重點在受事者，做動作的人並不重要。
Ex. English is spoken in the UK.(by its people)   (在英國講英文)
(我們都知道是英國人說的，所以省略不講.)

[ 英文句型 ] 複句-表達原因跟結果的連接詞

【一般用法- 理由和結果】

1.表達原因的連接詞用 because.  交代後續結果的句子用 since/at.

The villagers was displaced because a tornado destroyed the whole village.
                                                  ↑第一次說明原因
Since the village was destroyed, the government must help rebuild the place.
↑交代結果


2.如果原因是某狀態（形容詞或副詞）或是數量所造成，可用 so/such...(that) 句子去表達。

The old lion was so weak that it couldn't even stand up.
                                ↑造成的原因（形容詞weak）
It was such a weak old lion that it couldn't even stand up.
                      ↑看起來像 such...(+名詞 old lion)
The lion had so little food that it became weak.
                             ↑造成的原因（數量 little food）

【有目的性造成的理由】

1. so that(為了)

He bought the tickets so that he wants date with the girl.

2. in order that (為了) 同 so that，但是為正式用語.

3. in case (萬一/預防)，這個子句動詞為簡單現在/過去 或使用 should，但不可用will or would.
He lowered his voice in case  we heard him.
Take an umbrella  with you in case it rains.

4. lest (以免)，很文言的連接詞，意思接近 for fear that. 這個子句動詞為原形或用 should
He lowered his voice lest we (should) hear him.

【意外造成的結果】
　
表示已經達成了某些條件，但主要子句的事件仍然出乎意料地發生。

1. although (儘管)
Although he has a great job he still complains.

2. even though(儘管)
We visited the city even though this really isn't the best time to go.

3. though(儘管)
Though he was tired, he still drove car home.

【原因和結果相反】

類似but，兩子句意思完全相對，需要用逗號分開。

1. while (這裡不是當成"當時..正在"來用，意思是"雖然...但")

In a word, while the prospects are bright, the road has twists and turns.

(總之,雖然前途是光明的,但是道路是曲折的。)

2. whereas 雖然...但

Whereas we want a flat, they would rather live in a house.
(我們想住公寓房，而他們卻想住一所房子。)

[ 英文句型 ] 合句-對等連結詞的使用方法

英文寫作常見錯誤就是連接詞的數量錯誤。連接兩個子句就該有一個連接詞，連接三個子句就要有兩個連接詞。

⊙and:連接兩對等子句。
He and me are good friends, and we hang out all the time.
可拆成:He and me are good friends. / We hang out all the time.

⊙but:連接意義不一致，甚至相反的句子。
She looks gorgeous, but has a bad temperature.

⊙or:選項句。
You can help by taking out the garbage or washing these dishes.

⊙so:連結 結果子句。
Ban had forgotten to bring umbrella, so he was wet thought.

⊙for:連結 原因子句。
He has a French passport, for he was born in France.

⊙nor:(也不..) 連接兩個否定句。
My Mom doesn't like her new hairstyle, nor does Dad.

⊙yet:

• adv.還；已經；仍然
• He hasn't done yet.
• conj.然而；但是 (類似but，但有更出乎意料的感覺)

 Great progress has been made, yet much still remains to be done.

⊙both A and B:強調連結的項目剛好兩個。
The new method is both simple and effective.

⊙not only A but also B:不只....而且還....，重點在B上。
She is not only stingy but also wicked  .

⊙either A or B:強調選項剛好兩個。
He is the kind of person you either love or hate.
(你要馬就是恨他，要馬就是很喜歡他)

⊙neither A nor B:既不是A也不是B。
I 'm neither as slender nor as healthy as she is.

[ 英文句型 ]複句(前因後果邏輯的兩句) 和 合句(對等子句) 介紹

單句：只有一主詞一動詞的句子。

• Kate plays the electric guitar.

　　　Kate彈電吉他。

• Kate and her cousins formed a rock band.

　　　Kate和他的表兄弟（妹）們組了一個搖滾樂團。

• Their band practices and performs regularly.

　　　他們的團隊定期練習和表演。

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合句：將可拆分的兩個單句，以and, but, or, so 等「對等連接詞 coordinating conjunction」並聯。

• Kate's band practices in the garage and they perform in neighboring parks.

Kate的樂團在車庫裡練習，在住家附近的公園表演。

可拆成：Kate's band practices in the garage. / They perform in neighboring parks.

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複句：連結的兩個單句有主、從地位（或有因果關係）。兩句不可單獨拆分。

• Since they won first place in a contest, they are invited to play in the city hall.

              ↑這句是負責說明理由（副詞）　　　　　　　　　　↑這句才是重點
           因為他們在某次比賽中獲得第一，所以被邀請到市政廳演奏。

• All the teams that have won during the past five years are invited.

　　　過去五年得獎的團隊都受邀。
　　　這句簡短為：All the teams are invited.　
　　　藍句that...為形容詞子句，說明"限定的範圍"。  

• Kate is excited that they have the chance.

  Kate很開心他們有這個機會。

　　藍句that...為名詞子句，說明讓Kate興奮的事。  

對等連接詞用法的注意事項
對等連接詞在實際運用中最重要是要做到左右兩邊平衡：
1. 單字+對等連接詞+單字
名詞+對等連接詞+名詞（或代名詞）
動詞+對等連接詞+動詞
形容詞+對等連接詞+形容詞
We both shrugged and laughed.
我們兩人都聳聳肩，笑一笑。
They laughed and laughed.
他們笑呀，笑呀。
We felt hot, tired and thirsty.
我們覺得又熱，又累，口又干。
He is healthy and handsome.
他既健康又帥氣。
He came and sat down and spoke to me.
他進來，坐下和我說話。

2. 片語+對等連接詞+片語
The butterflies flew over our heads and about the flowers.
蝴蝶在我們頭上飛，在花叢中飛。

3. 子句+對等連接詞+子句
I know that he has been arrested and that he is in prison.
我知道他被捕而且坐牢了。

4. 分句+對等連接詞+分句
I played the piano and she sang.
我彈鋼琴，她唱歌。